These two terms, often used interchangeably are actually not the same.
A logo is just a mark that visually identifies a brand. It can be a graphic image, the
typographical representation of the brand or a combination of both.
A visual identity is a broader concept that encompases all of the visual elements that
make up the look and feel of a brand. It includes the logo, the colour palette, the
fonts, image style, layouts and any other graphic element supporting the brand (business
cards, packaging etc). All of these elements are outlined in a brand style guide.